CHAPTER SEVEN
Endings of Beginnings

1. A Self-Sustaining Reaction

It is hypothesized that the fusion process can be made self- sustaining. The basic concept is that the application of thermal energy will cause the hydrogenous elements to fuse, which in turn will release a great excess of thermal energy. Some of this excess of thermal energy can be applied for external use, and some can be used to produce more fusion to keep the reaction going. If the rate of fusion can be controlled, a useful cycle for the release of energy results. At present the fusion bomb exists, but no controlled fusion process has been attained. In the fusion process as well as the process of fission, the energy released for use is thermal in nature. Particle energy is present, but is more or less confined within the system and plays an incidental role. For the generation of thrust for space flight, it is necessary to make the particle energy available. The thermal energy is a secondary consideration.

Now we consider the nuclear disruption reaction. If it is true that fusion results in the liberation of thermal energy, then it follows that we can expect the disruption of the atom to result in the absorption of thermal energy. Further, if the disruption is triggered by the absorption of thermal energy in the first place, we have all of the elements necessary to create a self-sustaining reaction. In this case the particle energy is released for the generation of thrust.

In theory those elements lighter than iron are indicated as possible fuels. In practice, it is necessary to introduce the fuel in a finely divided or near atomic state. If the molecular state is sufficient, then gases may be the best choice. For storage, the liquid state of the gaseous fuel is indicated as a matter of least volume. There are points to be resolved only by experiment.

The implications are that the thrust device would operate at or near absolute zero of temperature. The level of thrust is controlled by the rate at which fuel is introduced into the reaction chamber it appears that the present concept of absolute zero is due for a major revision.

Let us consider the nature of present attempts to reach absolute zero. Liquid helium evaporating under reduced pressure can be used to cool a working space. This can be used to reach a small fraction of a degree above absolute zero on the hydrogen gas scale. The process of adiabatic demagnetization results in a further cooling of the space by the absorption of heat. It is claimed that the absolute zero has been attained to about 10^-5 degrees on the absolute scale.

It is necessary to ask where the heat went when it was absorbed by adiabatic demagnetization. Since it had to be absorbed by matter, that matter ended up at a higher temperature. It is necessary to conclude that only the space and not the matter was cooled. We state: The absolute zero of temperature as applied to space is not that as applied to matter. In fact, the highest temperature that can be attained by matter occurs when its associated space is at absolute zero.

The concept of temperature as presently accepted leaves much to be desired. It is assumed to be a bulk property of matter in which a single value can be used to characterize it in fact, each photon has its own temperature which is determined by its energy and thereby its frequency. This temperature is confined within the limits of the photon. A temperature can be defined for a given space only when there exists a sufficient photon overlap to create a continuum. Even then, random fluctuations occur at any given point by random photon interactions. Since the temperature manifestation of a particle is carried in its matter wave, there are as many temperatures present as there are particles and photons to generate them.

2. The Carroll Research institute

It may be something like my story of the man who spat in the eye of the dragon. Dragons live forever, so their reaction times cannot be measured by human standards. If anyone is brave enough to challenge fate, I would suggest that he should not spit in the eye of a tiger, but choose a dragon instead. The reason for the choice is that of reaction time. The situation is as follows:

When the man spits into the eye of a tiger, the reaction is immediate and fatal to the man. If he spits in the eye of the dragon, forty years later the tail twitches. Now the twitching of the tail is the signal that the dragon is about to bite, but it takes another forty years for the signal to reach the mouth. Meanwhile, the man got a trifle discouraged and gave up the challenge.

The Carroll Research institute was created fifteen years ago for the purpose of carrying on the present work. It is a non-profit organization devoted to research and teaching. It is chartered only in South Carolina but I am sure that the charter can be extended to include other states. At the present time its total assets consist of a bank account of about a thousand dollars which I donated personally. We are in desperate need of funds for publication of the Various books concerned with the nuclear energy developments. If anyone desires to contribute funds, please contact William P Brantley, or the Carroll Research institute at Post Office Box 3425, Columbia, South Carolina, 29230.

In terms of the future of the nuclear energy program the problems of radioactive waste for future generations will sooner or later become intolerable and the present program of fission energy will have to be abandoned. Since proof of principle of controlled fusion energy has not been achieved at the present time, its future is questionable. Even if it is achieved and implemented as an energy source, the problem of radioactive wastes continues. Further, the size and complexity of the power plant required is in itself a source of danger. I suggest that both fission and fusion be abandoned as possible energy sources.

The only reasonable nuclear reaction to provide power for the future is that of the nuclear disruption process. If the reaction can be made sufficiently extreme, the only residue resulting is that of mesons. These have lifetimes in the microsecond range and decay to pure radiation. Aside from the formation of neutrinos, which are not known to be a hazard, there is no radioactive residue.

The question of size has not been considered. The resonance absorber is envisioned as a cylindrical unit with a hollow interior from which all radiation of the required frequency is absorbed. In the case of the neutron fusion process, hydrogen is bred to neutrons and the momentum of the neutron carries it into a reaction chamber where the fusion takes place. The entire system should not be larger than the proverbial bread box. Apparently, it can be made of the proper size to fit the standard car or anything larger that i s designed to move.

For application to space flight, it appears that nothing larger than a hundred tons is required. The present system with its multi-staging is about 98 percent fuel and structure to carry it. With an adequate fuel, a single unit is sufficient.

Power units for individual homes should be no problem. This would prevent the necessity of transmitting electrical power over long distances. It would also prevent the resulting line losses. In case central power units seem desirable, superconducting cables are possible but may be troublesome to manufacture. There is a tradition handed down from antiquity that the bearer of bad news is killed on the spot. By some quirk of human error in reasoning, this is supposed to erase the fact of the bad news. If such a concept of individual power units for homes, or nuclear powered automobiles came to pass, the presently existing tax bases would disappear. The whole economy would be altered beyond the point of no return. In order that large scale disruptions should not occur, the changes would have to come very slowly. Perhaps the reaction time of the dragon is an advantage, after all.

3.The Bus Drivers Holiday

A person is born into this world knowing nothing about everything. As he develops, he learns a little bit about a whole lot of things. Sometime during his school career, he is expected to choose a major, learning more and more about less and less. The ultimate is reserved for the man with the Ph.D. By this time his field has narrowed down to the point that he knows everything about nothing.

Now the question is: Which is the preferred state of being, to know nothing about everything, or everything about nothing? I am reminded of the Biologist who spent his entire career on the hind leg of a grasshopper. I never did learn whether of not his presence there hindered the grasshopper.

The above is a sneaky way of revealing my own broad range of interest. When I take a break from the field of physics, I work problems in mathematics. That puts me far ahead of the bus driver or the mail man.

Also, I have developed a strategy in the game of chess that should be of interest to all dedicated duffers. My strategy consists of rushing out my queen and managing to lose her in three moves. The remainder of the game consists of frantically backing up all over the board until I entice my opponent to put my king in checkmate.

There is a problem in the mathematics of number theory known as Fermats Last Theorem. In the literature of the subject, this problem is stated to be the most famous of all of the unsolved problems in the history of mathematics. Attempts to solve it extend well over a period of three hundred years.

My first exposure to the problem came in 1960. It took me all of three weeks to come up with a solution. Since that time I have developed three entirely separate and independent solutions leading to the same conclusion. The problem is not at all difficult. There are two separate monographs available. One is titled: Fermat's Last Theorem, a Problem in Preiuoicee The other is: Fermat's Last Theorem, The Integer Triangle. These are both available at the Carroll Research Institute or my West Virginia address which is Post Office Box 692, Fairmont, West Virginia 26554. Also ready for publication is the book, The Four Solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem plus Other Problems Just as Easy.

Presently available is the book titled Simple Solutions to impossible Problems. This book gives solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem, The Four Color Problem and all of Goldback's Conjectures on Prime Numbers.

The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is so easy that I cannot help but feel that it has been solved dozens of times. Considering the prejudice of the reviewers to the effect that the problem is difficult, nothing simple would be accepted. Another aspect to be considered is that of the ego of the reviewer. Since he had not solved the problem how could he admit that anyone else had?

The other side of the coin is the question whether or not the reviewer would recognize a proof if he saw one. If he couldn't do it himself, how could he know the problem was solved if a solution stared him in the face. At present it is the policy of all editors to automatically reject all claims to a solution. In that case the reviewer is saved the necessity of rejecting it himself.

A book is never done, it is simply terminated. In case the reader is not already properly confused, it is my hope to finish the job. I have never understood the sequence of days. In the statement: "Today is tomorrow's yesterday, and yesterday's tomorrow': my question is why does it work that way? If anyone has an answer, let me know.